The Magnus effect is the phenomenon whereby a spinning object flying in a fluid creates a whirlpool of fluid around itself, and experiences a force perpendicular to the line of motion.
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. But it doesn't mention the effect when an object is spinning through a fluid (that's what happened in Magnus effect), that has an incremental energy due to the spinning object.
Principle
When a body (such as a sphere or circular cylinder) is spinning in a viscous fluid, it creates a boundary layer around itself, and the boundary layer induces a more widespread circular motion of the fluid. One explanation of the Magnus effect is since there is more (forward) acceleration of air on the forward-moving side than the backward-moving side, there is more pressure on the forward-moving side, resulting in a perpendicular component of force from the air towards the backward-moving side (watch the video bellow).
Calculation of Magnus force
Given the angular velocity vector and velocity of the object, the resulting force can be calculated using the following formula:
where S is dependent on the average of the air resistance coefficient across the surface of the object.[8] The denotes the vector cross product.
An example of spin ball in the air
The following equation demonstrates the lift force induced on a ball that is spinning along an axis of rotation perpendicular to the direction of its translational motion:
- F = lift force
- ρ = density of the fluid
- r = radius of the ball
- v = velocity of the ball
- A = cross-sectional area of ball
- CL = lift coefficient
The lift coefficient CL may be determined from graphs of experimental data using Reynolds numbers and spin ratios.[9] For a smooth ball with spin ratio of 0.5 to 4.5, typical lift coefficients range from 0.2 to 0.6.
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