Physics of Superheroes

In the past, I posted about the Physics of Spiderman 3, Superman. 

Today, I present in this blog a paper about Physics and Superheroes.

The Standard Model

Standard Model - Source: Wikipedia

 The Standard Model of particle physics is the theoretical framework that describes the fundamental building blocks of the universe and the forces through which they interact. It is one of the most successful and rigorously tested theories in modern physics.

Here is a breakdown of how the universe is put together according to the Standard Model.

1. The Building Blocks: Matter Particles (Fermions)

All tangible matter in the universe is made up of particles called fermions, which have half-integer spin (e.g., 1/2). These are divided into two main categories, each split into three "generations" of increasing mass.

Quarks

Quarks are heavy particles that experience the strong nuclear force. They combine to form composite particles called hadrons (like protons and neutrons).

• Generation 1: Up (u), Down (d) — These make up ordinary stable matter.

• Generation 2: Charm (c), Strange (s)

• Generation 3: Top (t), Bottom (b)

Leptons

Leptons do not feel the strong nuclear force.

• Generation 1: Electron (e^-), Electron Neutrino (ν_e)

• Generation 2: Muon (μ), Muon Neutrino (ν_μ)

• Generation 3: Tau (τ), Tau Neutrino (ν_τ)

Note: For every matter particle, there is a corresponding antimatter particle with the same mass but opposite electric charge (e.g., the positron is the antielectron).

2. The Messengers: Force Carriers (Gauge Bosons)

Particles interact by exchanging force-carrier particles called gauge bosons, which have integer spin (e.g., 1). The Standard Model accounts for three of the four fundamental forces of nature:

Force	Description	Gauge Boson (Carrier)	Mass / Range
Electromagnetism	Governs atomic structure, light, and chemical reactions.	Photon (γ)	Massless / Infinite
Strong Nuclear Force	Binds quarks inside protons/neutrons and holds atomic nuclei together.	Gluon ($g$)	Massless / Short-range
Weak Nuclear Force	Responsible for radioactive decay (like beta decay) and initiating solar fusion.	W+ / W- and Z0 Bosons	Very heavy / Ultra short-range

3. The Mass Giver: The Higgs Boson

The Higgs Boson (H) is a scalar boson (spin 0) associated with the Higgs field, which permeates the entire universe.

• Mechanism: As fundamental particles move through this field, they interact with it. The strength of this interaction determines the particle's inertial mass.

• Particles like the top quark interact strongly and are very heavy; photons do not interact with it at all and remain massless.

• Its discovery at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012 was the final piece confirming the Standard Model's framework.

What the Standard Model Left Out

While incredibly robust, the Standard Model is known to be an incomplete theory of nature because it fails to explain a few massive cosmological puzzles:

• Gravity: It does not include general relativity. The hypothetical carrier of gravity, the graviton, has not been incorporated mathematically into the quantum framework.

• Dark Matter & Dark Energy: The model only accounts for about 5% of the energy-mass composition of the observable universe. The remaining 95% is completely unaccounted for.

• Neutrino Mass: In the original mathematical formulation of the Standard Model, neutrinos are massless. However, oscillation experiments have proved they possess tiny, non-zero masses.

• Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry: It doesn't fully explain why the universe today is overwhelmingly made of matter, even though the Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter.

Physics and Cristiano Ronaldo

 

Jupiter Notebook File (PT)

Jupiter code about the Hellium Chewing Gum

This post (from 2010!) explained the Physics behind a fake video.

There wasn't AI to  try to explain the phenomenom. But we have it today. So I took all the Physics and put it in a Jupiter file available here: Simulations/helium gum exp.ipynb at main · eufisica/Simulations

By the way, the new website is ready and available here: EUFISICA.

Build your thermo scale

Do you want to know more about thermometers?

Well check this website, choose your scale and see how it's the formula (see the image below).

Update (12-12-2021): You need to download the file (right click with your mouse and select "save link as...") and you can run in your computer (you need Adobe Flash Player installed in your computer).

Thermometers

Developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, a thermometer (from the Greek θερμός (thermos) meaning "warm" and meter, "to measure") is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the scale on a mercury thermometer).

Read more in Wikipedia.

Farenheit Scale

Fahrenheit is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). Within this scale, the freezing of water into ice is defined at 32 degrees, while the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees. The temperature scale was replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries during the mid to late 20th century, but it remains the official scale of the United States, Cayman Islands and Belize.

Read more in Wikipedia.

Celsius Scale

Celsius is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. The unit was known until 1948 as "centigrade" from the Latin "centum" translated as 100 and "gradus" translated as "steps".

Credit: uoregon.edu

From 1744 until 1954, 0 °C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material. Although these defining correlations are commonly taught in schools today, by international agreement the unit "degree Celsius" and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially-purified water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible at which matter reaches minimum entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 °C.

This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales' null points as being precisely 273.15 degrees Celsius (−273.15 °C = 0 K and 0 °C = 273.15 K).

Read more in Wikipedia.

Rankine Scale

Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale named after the Glasgow University engineer and physicistWilliam John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859. (The Kelvin scale was first proposed in 1848.)

The symbol for degrees Rankine is R^[1] (or Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales). Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is absolute zero, but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degreeFahrenheit, rather than the one degree Celsius used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of −459.67 °F is exactly equal to 0 R.

Some engineering fields in the U.S. measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale.^[2] However, throughout the entire scientific world thermodynamic temperature is measured in Kelvin.^[2] The US National Institute of Standards and Technology does not recommend using degrees Rankine in NIST publications.

Read more in Wikipedia.

Another temperature scales:

The Delisle Scale, the Newton Scale, the Réaumur Scale, the Rømer Scale.

And here is the conversion formulae:

FisAstEE project

FisAstEE is a Portuguese Science Outreach project related to Physics and Astronomy activities with the target group the parents of children in primary schools.

The project can be found in Facebook, and in the Website.

#fisastee

Rare trio of particles observed for first time at CERN's ATLAS Experiment

The ATLAS Experiment observed a rare trio of particles.

Check the video:

understanding colors

In this video Neil deGrasse Tyson explains the Physics behind colors.

You can check this lesson, and create a copy from here (if you like it).

Here is another lesson as well (about light pollution):

ODS Summer School - Project Scenario by José Gonçalves de eufisica

Another educational scenario

Experiments @Home

In this times of corona virus, we need to stay at home. 

But, that doesn't mean we can't do some experiments.

Here it is a video to perform some experiments at home:

Let's play @home

During this days we can play with our children to try to build something like this:




Or you can create an easy one by using cardboard (image source: https://www.hellowonderful.co/post/15-impressive-ways-to-make-a-marble-run/)


Or like this one (image source: https://www.edenproject.com/learn/for-everyone/how-to-make-a-recycled-marble-run)


Let's be creative!

Higgs Discovery Explained - Ep. 1/3 | CERN

A new simplified ventilator for COVID-19 patients

Cartlidge ventilator (Courtesy: C Galbiati et al)

Until now, Italy was the country that was most affected by this SARS-COV-2 virus. But science are trying to fight back. A new simplified ventilator was made to treat patients with respiratory difficulty:

"The 26-strong group of physicists from Europe and North America has designed a new, stripped-down mechanical ventilator that it hopes can be mass-produced quickly and cheaply using off-the-shelf components" in Physics World

Physics can help in every situation. Always.

Preprint on arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.10405 

understanding data

World data of SARS-COV-2: http://eufisica.blogspot.com/2020/03/world-data-of-covid-19.html 

Here it is a good video from Minute Physics to understand the data related to COVID-19:

Physics and COVID-19

Global situation in 2020/03/24 Source: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6

Like meteorologists tracking a hurricane, physicists are racing to predict the impact of COVID-19 outbreaks in order to advise policy makers.

"Vespignani points to several approaches developed in physics that are relevant for describing disease spread. One example is the mathematical model that describes diffusion-controlled reactions, in which chemicals spread in a liquid and react upon contact. Another powerful tool is network theory, which represents individuals or clusters of individuals as interconnected nodes, much like train stations on a transit map. The theory can forecast the rate at which an infection spreads through a population based on patterns of human interaction, such as the way people cluster at specific times during the daily commute."

Source: https://physics.aps.org/articles/v13/43

Caryatids

 The Caryatids (Greece)

Although of the same height and build, and similarly attired and coiffed, the six Caryatids are not the same: their faces, stance, draping, and hair are carved separately; the three on the left stand on their right foot, while the three on the right stand on their left foot. Their bulky, intricately arranged hairstyles serve the crucial purpose of providing static support to their necks, which would otherwise be the thinnest and structurally weakest part. (Source: Wikipedia)

The Physics of Spiderman 3

There is an article in Popular Science related with the Physics of Spiderman 3, specially when Spiderman fall several times without breaking a bone.
The calculus are demonstrated in the webpage and the force is something about 400000 Newtons!!!
And an acceleration around 6000 m/s² (~600 x gravity acceleration), 2 times higher than some insects acceleration.

Source: https://www.popsci.com/article/2007-10/physics-spiderman-3 

Painting like Pollock

Dripping like Pollock
BERNARDO PALACIOS, SANDRA ZETINA, ROBERTO ZENIT, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, CHRIS MCGLINCHEY, Museum of Modern Art, New York — this scientists made an investigation where they reproduced, in a controlled manner, the dripping technique used by Jackson Pollock to creat abstract paintings. They drip a fluid jet on top of a horizontal surface, varying the height from the substrate, the liquid flow rate and the displacement speed of the nozzle. They also found that the non Newtonian properties of the paints are of great importance to create these patterns. Since the fluid jets are rapidly stretched, the sudden increase of extensional viscosity plays an important role to produce the characteristic Pollock patterns.
(from the abstract in a Scientific presentation made by the author in 2014)

Instant Freeze Water

A great water experiment recorded by The Sprangler Effect

Boiling in a syringe

Decreasing the pressure can make water boiling.
Video from Flinn Scientific

Nobel Prize in Physics 2016

The laureates this year with the Nobel Prize in Physics are:

• David J. Thouless, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
• F. Duncan M. Haldane, Princeton University, NJ, USA
• J. Michael Kosterlitz, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

”for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter”

This year’s Laureates opened the door on an unknown world where matter can assume strange states. They have used advanced mathematical methods to study unusual phases, or states, of matter, such as superconductors, superfluids or thin magnetic films. Thanks to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new and exotic phases of matter. Many people are hopeful of future applications in both materials science and electronics.

in https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/press.html

Papers: 

• https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/popular-physicsprize2016.pdf
• https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/advanced-physicsprize2016.pdf