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Cosmological Data could solved some problems in Physics

This Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image of the distant universe contains approximately 10,000 galaxies. Image credit: NASA and the ESA

(PhysOrg.com) -- Today’s most powerful telescopes collect huge amounts of data from the most distant locations of the universe – yet much of the information is simply discarded because it involves small length scales that are difficult to model. In an effort to waste less data from cosmological surveys, a team of scientists has developed a new technique that allows researchers to use otherwise unusable data by "clipping" some of the highest density peaks, which present the greatest challenge to models. This data could provide a way to address some unsolved problems in physics, including estimating the neutrino mass and investigating theories of modified gravity.

X particle

Image: Physicists paddle around the Super 

Kamiokande detector in a rubber raft as it fills 

with water. 

The detector was designed to hunt neutrinos 

and decaying protons, but could catch the 

signatures of Particle X. Credit: Kamioka 

Observatory, ICRR (Institute for Cosmic 

Ray Research),The University of Tokyo.

It seems something like the X-Files...

Scientists are proposing a new hypothetical particle that could solve two cosmic mysteries at once: what dark matter is made of, and why there’s enough matter for us to exist at all.

“We know you have to have these two ingredients to the universe, both atoms and dark matter,” said physicist Kris Sigurdson of the University of British Columbia, coauthor of a paper describing the new particle.

Some cosmologists are thinking that the same amount of matter and antimatter was created in the Big Bang, with particles and antiparticles immediately started colliding and extinguishing each other. But the fact that stars, planets exists is a proof that  wasn't happened.

“If matter and antimatter were created in equal amounts in the early universe, they would all have annihilated [each other],” said theoretical physicist Sean Tulin of the Canadian physics institute TRIUMF. “There has to be some asymmetry that was left over.”

Together with physicists Hooman Davoudiasl at Brookhaven National Lab and David Morrissey of TRIUMF, Tulin and Sigurdson suggest a way to solve the problem of missing antimatter: Hide it away as dark matter. The details are published in the Nov. 19 Physical Review Letters.

What we know about dark matter? Well, what we know about dark matter is that it is mysterious stuff that makes up a quarter of the energy density of the universe and refuses to interact with regular matter except through gravity.

The most popular candidate for dark matter is a theoretical weakly interacting massive particle, or WIMP, that connects only with the weak nuclear force and gravity, making it undetectable.

The new theoretical particle “is completely different from the WIMP idea,” Tulin said. The proposed particle, named simply “X,” has a separate antiparticle called “anti-X.” Equal amounts of X and anti-X were created in the Big Bang, and then decayed to lighter particles. Each X decayed into either a neutron or two dark-matter particles, called Y and Φ. Every anti-X converted to an anti-neutron or some anti-dark matter.

But the hypothetical X particle would rather decay into ordinary matter than dark matter, so it produced more neutrons than dark matter. Anti-X preferred decaying into anti-dark matter, and so produced more of it.

After all the particles and anti-particles that could find each other collided and eliminated each other, the universe was left with some extra neutrons and a corresponding number of extra anti-dark matter particles.

“The protons and neutrons can’t annihilate completely with their antiparticles, because there’s not enough to annihilate with,” Tulin said. “The same story happens in the hidden sector as well…. Some dark matter can’t annihilate with anything. So you’re left with some extra dark matter in the universe.”

Conveniently, this picture could explain another particle-physics puzzle: why there is only five times more dark matter than regular matter in the universe. To physicists, five is a really small number. If dark matter and regular matter didn’t spring from similar origins, there’s no reason why there should be roughly the same amount of both of them.

[...]

from: WIRED SCIENCE (follow the link for a full reading)